C8 M1 L3 Grammar
8 | Modul 1: Gramatika
Kvaliteta života
8 | 1 | Lekcija 3: Večera za prijatelje
| The verbs KUHATI and SKUHATI
Another aspectual pair in this lesson is kuhati and skuhati. The verb kuhati is an imperfective verb, indicating an ongoing action, something that happens often, or an incomplete action. Look at the examples:
ongoing action | – Što radiš? – Ništa posebno, kuham večeru. |
happens often | – Što ti obično radiš vikendom? – Ništa posebno, obično kuham i spremam stan. |
incomplete action | – Jesi li slobodna večeras? – Nisam. Moram kuhati večeru. Dolaze prijatelji na večeru. |
As you can see, in the first example, the situation is still happening. A person is cooking right now and is still not finished. In the second example, a person stated that a thing that they usually (i.e., often) do is cook and here the emphasis is on the notion that it takes them a longer period of time to make something. Thus, it represents an ongoing, repetitive action. In this situation you will most often have a word like often, usually, rarely that tells you it’s a repetitive action. The third example shows that a person is planning to cook, an action is about to start happening and it will be over a certain period of time.
The verb skuhati is a perfective verb, indicating a complete action, something that happened or will happen (i.e., completed/finished action). Keep in mind that this verb can also be used to indicate a repetitive action. However, in this situation the emphasis is placed on the notion that the action is complete. Look at the examples:
completed action | – Kad dolaziš? – Čim skuham večeru. |
happens often – emphasis on completion | – Što ti obično radiš nedjeljom? – Obično odmaram i skuham ručak za ponedjeljak. |
StatementThe topic of aspect in Croatian is much more complex than this. As you continue learning the language in the upcoming years, you will encounter this topic again (gradually, step by step). Even in the following units we will be talking more about perfective and imperfective verbs. Keep in mind that most verbs will have both a perfective and an imperfective form. Which one to use depends on the meaning you want to convey - whether the action is complete (perfective) or not (imperfective). You should also remember that you will not always be able to “freely” use one or the other.
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| The Preposition BEZ (without)
The preposition bez (without) goes with the Genitive case. Similar to the preposition s/sa, the preposition bez is helpful in specifying options of food and drink items. For example:
Voda s ledom | Voda bez leda |
Kava s mlijekom | Kava bez mlijeka |
8.1 Zadatak 8. Kako naručiti piće u kafiću?
Finish the sentences by using the appropriate preposition (s/sa, od, or bez). Read sentences carefully.
Formal:
Informal:
| The Noun ORAH and a sound change
Masculine plural form of the noun orah is orasi. Every time /h/ is followed by /i/ a certain change occurs:, h i = /si/.
case: | singular | plural |
Nominative | orah | orasi |
Accusative | orah | orahe |
Locative | orahu | orasima |
Dative | orahu | orasima |
Instrumental | orahom | orasima |
Genitive | oraha | oraha |
When we say that pancakes are made with walnuts (because you will definitely need more than one walnut for pancakes), we need to use the plural form of the noun orah in the instrumental case: palačinke s orasima.
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